Role of Government

Colonial Government

• Sir George Grey – Governor General 1861-68.
    
• Sought “substantive sovereignty.”
    
• Julius Vogel – Premier 1873- 76.
    
• Assisted passage, confiscation of land to pay debt and provide settlers with land.
    
• Possible Māori Reserves
    
• NZ Government borrowed money to pay for new migrants who wanted land.
    
• Land was to be confiscated from ‘rebellious’ Māori rather than ‘loyal’ Māori.
    
• In practise, little distinction was shown.
    
• Increasing pressure to confiscate land from Maori who had fought (or not) in order to sell farmland to new migrants.
    
• 1.19 million acres in Taranaki.
    
• Māori reserves were promised but not delivered.
    
• By doing this government could pay back debts and prevent financial crisis.

Government Role

• Government bribed Māori to leave confiscated land.
    
• Te Whiti suggested the bribes meant that confiscation were a sham and by working “occupied” land Māori could reassert their right to it.
    
• John Bryce, Native Minister was adamant Parihaka must be removed.
    
• Under Bryce, Māori were to be given 'the greatest facilities for…placing their land before the public for sale'

FURTHER READING: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/the-new-zealand-settlements-act-passed

Execution & Reign of Terror

The Execution of Louis XVI

• Amidst war and political tension, a radical Maximillian Robespierre, suggested changes. 
    
• The Assembly split into radicals and monarchists, Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were arrested, and a new Republic announced on 21 Sep 1792.
   
• They were both executed following trial in January 1793, Louis shortly after and Marie Antoinette in October.
   
• The Republic now had to fight external and internal opposition.

Reign of Terror

• In 1793, Robespierre led Committee of Public Safety oversaw 300,000 arrests and 40,000 executions, of those who threatened change.
   
• Church power was curtailed.
   
• Eventually Robespierre was arrested himself by the National Convention for going too far.
   
• A new National Convention struggled to create a new order.

Long Term Consequences

Constitutional Change

• The 1795 Constitution created an Upper House (250) and a Lower House (500)
   
• A new Executive called the Directory had power to appoint positions.
   
• Without addressing economic conditions the new system was weak.
   
• As the Army grew, and with some military success, Napoleon seized on the chaos to stage a coup and declare himself Consul in 1799
   

[Note: You will should have notes here on Napoleon's rise to power]

 

Long Term Consequences

• The changes in France influenced Europe for years.
   
• After the Napoleonic Wars the Congress of Vienna divided Europe into clearer states.
   
• Nationalism and democracy eventually spread in the following 50yrs.
   
• Social and economic reforms happened throughout Europe.
   
• An emerging bourgeoisie class gained power from the monarchy.
   
• The power of church was altered.
   
• Despite continuing poverty, fairness and equality became important goals.